Internationalisation of Nicolites e-cigarette in India - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2340 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Introduction There are a number of factors that compel businesses to trade and market their products internationally. For instance, international marketing enables businesses to (1) increase their customer base and market share, (2) minimise their reliance on any single market and (3) avail benefits of becoming multinational brand (Buckley and Ghauri, 2004). Over the last decade and a half, international marketing has become substantial (Hill, 2012); to the extent that consumers barely notice the fact that a majority of the products they consume routinely are either sourced from international markets or contain components that are sourced from international markets. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Internationalisation of Nicolites e-cigarette in India" essay for you Create order Successful international marketing requires a diligent strategic planning process involving the assessment of the business environment and suitability of the target market. A conductive business environment of the target market and the presence of a lucrative market gap render a target market as suitable (Tallman, 2007). Following this assessment, a brand intending to internationalise needs to plan and execute the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organisational objectives (Sak and Shaw, 2004 p. 3). This essay relates to the internationalisation of Nicolites, the company that produces Nicolites electronic cigarettes in the UK to the Indian market. This essay evaluates the suitability of India as a selected target market for the expansion of Nicolites. It also evaluates a suitable entry method for Nicolites in India and suggests marketing strategies for the product as well. Market Opportunity Despite being widely considered as hazardous to health, smoking of cigarettes prevails at large across the globe. Therefore, any measures that can reduce the consumption of cigarettes, including providing an alternative for smoking are widely seen as a positive development. Provision of an alternative for smoking tobacco based cigarettes is the core marketing concept behind Nicolites e-cigarette. Nicolites e-cigarette was first introduced in 2007 in UK (Nicolites, 2015). Nicolites e-cigarette does not have any tobacco whatsoever, and hence it is free of more than 4000 known toxic chemicals and substances present in a regular cigarette (Nicolites, 2015). Nicolites e-cigarette is an innovative product that offers smokers a right alternative for regular cigarette through a true simulation of smoking experience which is cleaner, safer and healthier. Despite having a glowing red tip depicting a real flame, Nicolites e-cigarette does not require any flame or fire to burn. Moreover, i t does not cause any unpleasant smoke and odor, or gather smoky residue on walls, clothes, skin and hair of the users (Nicolites, 2015). Justification and Evaluation of the Target Market According to the Datamonitor Market Insights report titled Tobacco in India (2011), the overall tobacco industry in India was estimated to be worth approximately INR 58,730 crores (or $10 bn), in 2009. During the period 2004-2009, tobacco industry in India grew at an average of 8.5 percent; whilst during 2009-2014, it grew at an average of 6.5 percent (Tobacco Free Kids, 2015). The overall tobacco market in India is dominated by smokeless tobacco sales which constitutes 75 percent of the market (Tobacco Free Kids, 2015). Out of the remaining 25 percent tobacco market, 20 percent tobacco consumption comprises of smoking bidi, which is a hand-rolled, small, thin cigarette (Tobacco Free Kids, 2015). Thus manufactured cigarettes form only 5 percent of the market. Despite cigarettes being not one of the most popular tobacco products in India, Indians consumed 96 billion cigarettes in the year 2014, making the country the 6 largest cigarette consuming nation in the world and an important target for international tobacco companies (Tobacco Free Kids, 2015). A large, growing product market of cigarettes in India signals a lucrative product market for alternate products such as Nicolites e-cigarette. Thus it is established that India has a huge potential for alternative products to cigarettes such as Nicolites e-cigarette. After establishing the existence a lucrative market for Nicolites e-cigarettes in India, it is also important to assess whether the overall business environment of India is conductive for international brands. In terms of political environment, the Indian market has become liberal following the reforms in 1991 (Nuruzzaman, 2011). However, the capital market in India remains vulnerable to political changes (Nuruzzaman, 2011). In terms of economy, India has been growing steadily over the last decade. Last year, the Indian economy underwent a 7.5 percent growth (Ayres, 2015). According to the World Bank estimates, Indian economy has become the worl ds third largest economy in purchasing power parity terms (Ayres, 2015). The country has an escalating middle class which will continue to drive its economy and demand. Socially, India has a very diverse population in ethnic, religion, culture and socio-economic terms (Nuruzzaman, 2011). These factors can either be advantageous or disadvantageous for an international brand depending upon how it deals with them. Technologically, the urban centers in India are advancing with most of the urban middle class Indians having access to internet and media technologies through which branding and marketing communication activities can be pursued (Nuruzzaman, 2011). The economic and technological factors of India indicate towards a favorable business environment for Nicolites e-cigarettes. As for the political factors, any adversities posed by the political environment can be easily negated by choosing a right market entry strategy by Nicolites e-cigarette. The social factors of India are unlik ely to be impactful upon Nicolites as the company will most likely target a small niche market in India. Market Entry Selecting an appropriate international marketing entry strategy is a critical important decision within the process of internationalisation as it can be vital for the sustainable competitive advantage of the company (Buckley and Ghauri, 2004). There are many ways in which a brand can enter a foreign market. These can categorized as (1) direct production direct entry, acquisition, and joint-ventures (2) indirect production licensing, franchising, technical agreements, service contracts, etc. or (3) exports indirect, direct agent/distributor, direct branch/subsidiary, etc. (Rugman, 2009). The suitability of one of the above market entry modes for Nicolites depends upon the combination of several internal and external factors (Koch, 2001). For instance, Nicolites is a relatively young, medium size company with around one hundred employees (Nicolites, 2015). The company currently operates only across UK and does not have any international operations. The limited size of the comp any and subsequently its resources coupled with its inexperience in internationalisation makes it very unlikely for Nicolites to adopt a direct production as a market entry method. Direct production methods are the most capital and resource intensive methods of market entry requiring highest levels of commitment from the internationalising firm (Ireland, et al. 2011). Moreover, although Nicolites is the largest UKs e-cigarette brand (Evening Standard, 2013); it currently does not have the global brand equity and popularity of a multinational company. Therefore, Nicolites is less likely to be able to attract investors to operate franchises in India or secure favorable license agreements for indirect production. Resultantly, the internal factors of the company oblige it to pursue internationalisation through exports. Exporting local products to a foreign market is perhaps the most simplest and common methods of entry in international markets. Exporting involves sending goods from the home country to another for distribution, sales and services (Ireland, et al. 2008). Since the amount of goods exported can vary, exporting enables internationalising firms to move into an international market in a controlled manner that is, without risking high capital or making intensive commitments initially. This gradual process of market entry provides internationalising firms with the opportunity to explore the prospects of the target market and gain knowledge and experience before making large investments (McDonald and Burton, 2002). It is noteworthy that exporting strategy is vulnerable to exporting tariffs and can often face supply chain/logistics challenges in getting their goods to the international markets and eventually to the end-consumers (Ireland, et al. 2008). Additionally, exporting firms may also face difficulties in managing and dealing with local distributors (Ireland, et al. 2008). In case of NIcolites, exporting is the seemingly the most appropriate m arket entry method, as this method will negate any major risks of failure by allowing the company to gain experience in many facets of international business and particularly learn about the Indian market. This method will incur the least amount of initial costs for internationalisation. Considering that Nicolites products are value added finished goods, Nicolites will find it most suitable to continue to use its existing production facilities and supply chain to manufacture e-cigarettes and export it to international destinations. In order to overcome the challenges related to distribution and sales activities, Nicolites can hire its own local managers to avert the disadvantages of underperforming agents in a foreign market. As for the concerns regarding export tariffs, this is less likely to affect the business strategy of Nicolites in India as currently the Indian government has levied heavy taxes on all tobacco products (Narayan, 2015) which make tobacco free Nicolites e-cigaret te an attractive alternative for smokers. Segmentation Targeting customer segments in marketing strategy enables firms to decide ways for acquiring competitive advantage (Proctor, 2000). A market segment is a fraction of the whole target market that has one or more unique attributes that provide it a distinction and sets them apart from other consumer segments (Proctor, 2000 p.24) . Customer segments can be identified through demographic variables such as sex, age groups, family life cycle, literacy, earning, religion, ethnicity, etc.; and geographic variable which divides customer segments according to their localities (Proctor 2000). In India, Nicolites should target upper-middle and upper class consumers specifically from young adults and adult age groups who are open to new technologies and brands from various professional classifications living in upscale urban centers of major metropolises. Marketing Mix After identifying the targeted consumer segments, a firm should then determine a suitable targeting strategy (Kotler, 2000). By applying the marketing mix model in the Indian context, Nicolites can adapt its marketing strategy for Indian consumers. Internationalising firms have a choice of targeting their customers through either a standarised strategy in which standarised products are sold all over the world or through adaptation in which products are localised to meet the preferences of each target market. In the current context, it is suggested to apply a mix of both these targeting strategies. Product Nicolites has a trusted reputation as a brand and offers a high level of choice to its consumers in terms of strength and flavour of its products (Evening Standard, 2013). Moreover, Nicolites uses most advance cartomiser technology for e-cigarettes unlike most other brands which use 3 piece models that are associated with poor quality and leak (Evening Standard, 2013). Therefore, it is suggested that Nicolites should export the same high quality products in India to target its affluent consumers; although the company can bring in some variation in the strength and flavour of its e-cigarettes according to local preferences. Price From the four basic pricing strategies that is (1) premium pricing, (2) penetration pricing, (3) economy pricing, and (4) price skimming (Kotler, 2000) the current pricing strategy of Nicolites can be termed as premium. In India, the company should pursue the same pricing strategy to target its affluent consumers. Place In the UK, Nicolites works in conjuncture with a number of high street retail firms such as Tesco, Superdrug, WH Smiths, Co-op, Sainsbury, etc. as well as local newsagents and online (Evening Standard, 2013). Partnering with the National Federation of Retail Newsagents (NFRN), Nicolites has been filling the shelves of local corner shops across the country in pursuit of penetration and consolidation (Ansoff, 1965) growth strategy. In India, Nicolites can similarly distribute its products through high street retailers in upscale posh area of urban centers. Promotion Nicolites pursues a push strategy (Kotler, 2000) in UK in which it tries to make its e-cigarettes available in as many high street and corner shops as possible to penetrate the market. However, in India, it should focus on creating a niche market of affluent consumers out of the 5% consumers of manufactured cigarettes through a pull strategy (Kotler, 2000). In this way, it will be able to establish a superior international brand image in the minds of its consumers and increase its attractiveness among them. Conclusion This essay concludes that in order to expand the consumer base of the company and negate its reliance on a single market, Nicolites e-cigarette should internationalise its brand and enter the lucrative Indian market which is the 6th largest consumer of cigarettes in the world through exports. India has good market prospects for alternative cigarette products and a conductive environment for international businesses. By using a mix of standardised and localised marketing strategies, Nicolites should target the upper-middle and affluent class consumers of the country to pursue its international ambitions. References Ansoff, H. (1965), Corporate Strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill Ayres, A (2015). Economic Growth and Indias Global Rise. Forbes. Available from https://www.forbes.com/sites/alyssaayres/2015/08/17/economic-growth-and-indias-global-rise/ Buckley, P. and Ghauri, P. (2004) Globalization, Economic Geography and International Business, Journal of International Business Studies 35(2), 1-18. Datamonitor Market Insights, (20011).Tobacco in India An insight into the Indian tobacco market. Datamonitor Report Published: Feb 11 | Code: DMCM4789 Evening Standard (2013). Nicolites officially becomes the largest UK brand of electronic cigarette. Available from https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/nicolites-officially-becomes-the-largest-uk-brand-of-electronic-cigarette-8463753.html Hill, C. (2012) International Business. New York: McGraw Hill Education. Ireland, R. Hoskisson, R. and Hitt, M. (2008). Understanding Business Strategy: Concepts and Cases. Mason: Cengage Learning. Ire land, R. Hoskisson, R. and Hitt, M. (2011). Understanding Business Strategy: Concepts Plus. Mason: Cengage Learning. Koch, A. J. (2001). Factors influencing market and entry mode selection: Developing the MEMS model. Marketing Intelligence Planning. 19:5 351-361 Kotler, P (2000) Marketing Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall McDonald, F. and Burton, F. (2002) International Business. London: Cengage Learning. Narayan, A (2015). Indian Tobacco Giant Tries Short Cigarettes as Taxes Hit Demand. Bloomberg. Available from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-15/india-tobacco-giant-tries-short-cigarettes-as-taxes-hit-demand Nuruzzaman, A. (2011). Indian Futures Market: An Analysis. Research Scholar, Department Business Administration, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 7(2) Dec., 2011 Proctor, T (2000), Strategic Marketing: An Introduction, London: Routledge Rugman, A (2009). The Oxford Handbook of International Business. New York: Oxford Un iversity Press. Sak, O and Shaw, J., (2004). Process of International Marketing. International marketing: analysis and strategy (4th ed.) London: Routledge. Tallman, S. (2007). A New Generation in International Strategic Management. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar. Tobacco Free Kids (2015). The Global Cigarette Industry. Available from https://global.tobaccofreekids.org/files/pdfs/en/Global_Cigarette_Industry_pdf.pdf

TOURISM INCENTIVE GOOD OR BAD INITIATIVE IN TOURISM INDUSTRY - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2241 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Tourism Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? TOURISM INCENTIVE: GOOD OR BAD INITIATIVE IN TOURISM INDUSTRY ABSTRACT Tourism industry is sixth largest contributor to the national revenue. The industry is geared by various key players. Many factor affecting the increased demand and successful operation of tourism industry. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "TOURISM INCENTIVE: GOOD OR BAD INITIATIVE IN TOURISM INDUSTRY" essay for you Create order The factors are wide coverage of promotion, better public and tourist-related services and grant of funds and incentives. Is there any subsidies involve; as subsidies sometimes may result to an inappropriate end. In addition, does the funds and incentives given is the main pulling factors of increased revenue in tourism industry. Thus, the paper will explore the good and the bad side, if any, of the funding and incentives initiative in tourism industry. The discussing also covers the implementation of the incentive and the achievement of it. Keywords: tourism industry, funds and incentives, tourism promotion. ABSTRAK Industri pelancongan merupakan penyumbang terbesar keenam kepada pendapatan negara. Industri ini digerakkan oleh pelbagai pihak secara langsung dan tidak langsung. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi peningkatan permintaan dan kejayaan operasi industri pelancongan. Antara faktor-faktor tersebut adalah liputan promosi yang meluas, penyediaan perkhidmatan awam dan perkhidmatan berkaitan pelancongan yang lebih baik dan pemberian dana dan insentif. Adakah terdapat apa-apa dana dan insentif yang melibatkan pemberian subsidi, kerana kadang kala ia boleh mengakibatkan kesan luar jangka yang berlainan dan tidak dikehendaki. Walau bagaimanapun, adakah dana dan insentif yang diberikan adalah faktor utama menarik peningkatan pendapatan dalam industri pelancongan. Oleh itu, kertas itu akan meneroka kesan baik dan buruk, jika ada, pembiayaan dan inisiatif insentif dalam industri pelancongan. Perbincangan juga meliputi pelaksanaan insentif dan pencapaian dalam pelaksanaan insentif yang terlibat. Kata kunci: pelancongan, dana dan insentif, promosi pelancongan. INTRODUCTION Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s planning towards Vision 2020 is a noble intention to be a developed nation as well as high-income nation. As such, Malaysia had undergone several transformation and reformation in policy and way forward. The planning gradually changes from agricul tural centric to industrial centric. From small scale to a larger high-end scale. All these effort done to gain better revenue for the country, to provide better living and achieving high-income nation in the near future. There are several means and sources of nation revenue in order to gain rapid economic growth. One of the sources is from tourism industry. Tourism industry plays a vital role for the economic development and economic growth. Therefore, a special and dedicated ministry and organizations have been established to work on the tourism industry. Different organization tackles different elements and parts of the tourism industry. Some organization provides facilities while the other provides services such as promotion. On the hand, government usually provides funds and incentives as well as promotion of the tourism industry. Legal framework also provided and put in place in order to control and manage the tourism industry. The effectiveness of the role by the player s is a must. Public awareness and promotion must be handled properly and runs as wide as possible; nationally and internationally. Thus, the objective of this paper is to look into the implementation of incentive programs by the agencies; government and non-government organization. The paper try to examine whether there is adverse impact, side impact or bad impact through the implementation of the incentive program. References have been made to several materials from articles, journals and websites to gain information on the subject matter. TOURISM INCENTIVE PROGRAMS AND FUNDS INITIATIVES There are several incentive and funds provided by the government to the tourism industry player. Such incentives have been introduced to promote the tourism industry. In fact, there is a special act enacted to promote investment including tourism sector. One of it, Promotion and Investment Act 1986, hotel businesses and tourism related activities are eligible for pioneer status or investme nt tax allowance to promote the sector[1]. Tax incentive have been define as provisions in the tax legislation that give privileges treatment to specific industries and activities considered crucial for development[2]. The investment tax allowance as stated above is given for establishment of medium and low cost hotels, tourist projects, conventions centres and recreational campus. In addition, it includes the expansion of existing hotels and the modernisation of tourist projects. Such projects are very important to promote tourism industry to local inbound and outbound tourist. Furthermore, this allowance does not end there. The hotels which have been granted with these status can further apply and eligible for Industrial Building Allowances (IBA)[3]. The hotels operator or owner will be given 2% annual allowance on the capital expenditure on the construction or purchase of a building used in the hotel business. There are also incentives for reinvestment in hotel. This inc entive is above and over the investment tax allowance which have been discussed earlier. This is another round of allowance. All these allowance incentive; pioneer status, investment tax allowance and incentive for reinvestment, are available upon application to be submitted to Malaysia Investment Development Authority (MIDA) and applicable until 2016[4]. Besides that, there are other incentives for the tourism industry. Income Tax Act 1967 provides incentives of exemption from tax as statutory income level. The exemption includes group and domestic tours. Companies which handled at least 500 foreign tourists a year will be exempted from tax. Same goes to domestic tour package with at least 1200 local tourist per year. However, this exemption tax incentive is only up to year 2006 only. These incentive falls under several government agencies in Malaysia. Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE), Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA) and Ministry of Tourism and Culture (MOTAC) are several government agencies that involve directly in tourism industry. They provide the incentive in tourism sector to promote, upgrade and develop the industry. Hotel and tours operators are the main beneficiaries from the incentive and fund provided by the government. They can have double deduction for promoting tourism in overseas[5]. For example, they can benefit from double deduction of tax for expenditure on publicity and advertisement in any mass media outside Malaysia. Similarly, any expenditure on market research for new markets overseas may have benefited by the deduction too. These deductions incentive is given to acknowledge the promotion of Malaysian tourism outside Malaysia. Moreover, MOTAC also provide Tourism Infrastructure Funds. It is purposely initiated to assist tourism entrepreneurs to develop or expand the tourism-related projects development[6]. This program is a financing program to tourism project including acquisition o f land up to 40% maximum from the actual cost. This fund is eligible for projects in Malaysia for integrated and regional tourism centre, attractions, facilities and complexes. On the other hands, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) which is operating transnationally also provides fund for tourism industry. But, the fund is more on the nature protection purposes. The WWF is reported to assist hotels and destination for environment upgrading[7]. It is the objective of the organization to promote and protect the environmental be it flora or fauna. As such, there are a lot of incentive and funds provided in Malaysia for tourism industry. Only several of them are briefly discussed as per above writing. Other incentives are expected to be provided until the targets for tourism industry are fully achieved. INCENTIVE: ARE THERE ANY CONSs OVER PROs? Reviewing the incentive and funds provided above, it shows that the incentive had contributed to the increased revenue from the tourism secto r. The tourism sector revenue increased from year to year. In 2013, the tourism industry ranked as sixth largest contributor to the national economy[8]. It is 8.1% growth increased from 2012 foreign exchange earnings. This increment is partly resulted from the incentives programs and funds provided. It is also agreed by some scholars that hotel and other services are influenced by the tourism industry. A strong tourism industry and growth of the sector ensured rapid expansion of development of hotel[9]. Not only hotels are built, other ancillary services are also rapidly built up due to the rapid growth of the industry. However, does the implementation of the incentive and funds run smoothly? It is reported that 3648 new 4-5 star hotel have been built and completed in 2012 coming from the fund and incentive introduced by the government[10]. Despite the completed project, there are also hotel which still under construction which is expected to be delivered in early 2014. The go vernment believe in the successful of this program and looking forward to bring more 4-5 star hotels. In the implementation of the incentive, there is at least a dispute among the hotel operators. The dispute might be between the ministry or Inland Revenue Department. In Saujana Hotel Sdn Bhd v Ketua Pengarah Hasil Dalam Negeri[11], the eligibility of the allowance has been questioned. It is fact that the Saujana Hotel Sdn Bhd (Saujana Hotel) had applied for investment tax allowance and been granted. However, the application for industrial building allowance have been rejected or stopped after the expiration of five (5) years investment tax allowance. The court held that Promotion of Investment Act 1986 did not restrict time period as limitation imposed to investment tax allowance. Meanwhile, there are debates on the pioneer status incentive or also known as tax holiday in international arena. It is argued and critics that tax holiday incentive are one of least efficient and t he most costly[12]. This incentive is said to be unnecessary as the profitable projects would be pursued regardless of the incentives. The business in the tourism industry of hotel operators and building of it is a profitable one. Thus, the incentive is no more efficient to be out into the picture. CONCLUSION The initiative to provide incentives and funds program under tourism industry have developed the tourism industry in Malaysia. There are no forms of subsidies-like incentive as the literatures have been reviewed. The incentive program turn to be a good starting point to further upgrade the tourism sector and industry in order to achieved high income nations as well as developed nation. The incentive does give a handful help towards tourism player. Tourism business which is formed part and parcel of the tourism industry might benefited a lot from the steps taken. There are still a room for improvement. Destination branding is one of major part in packaging tourism for t he domestic and inbound outside tourists. There is research done to associate destination brand images to the business[13]. This association are rarely apprehend in Malaysia, or might been look into indirectly. We usually see that our tourism destination is not properly managed. The destination brand images should be one of the opportunities under the incentive program to sustain and maintain the tourism destination. Projects need to be relooked most probably every year to accommodate more tourists in the future. A mass use of the tourist destination surely need time to be regenerated and refresh to a new look. Currently, the incentive program is only focussing on the hotel and tour operators. It is high time that the incentive should be widen to cover the nature protection as well similar to the move by WWF side by side with the maintenance of the site. As environmental law and issue might grow stronger and louder, the steps to protect nature and the environment need to be gr anting some funds or incentives, especially from government agencies. Besides, the incentive towards low cost facilities should also been continued. It should not stop like the group tour operators because the incentive might be good for small and medium enterprises. The small companies need some pump-in to score goals in their business as the incentive given to bigger companies to erect 4-5 star hotels. Thus, it would be much appreciated if the incentive also covers the SMEs. Finally, the government and the private sectors need to work hand in hand and not only chasing the incentive but rather focussing to upgrade and develop the tourism industry in particular and the nation in a whole. REFERENCES Anne-Mette Hjalager , MCB University Press, Quality In Tourism Through The Empowerment Of Tourists, Managing Service Quality, Volume 11, Number 4, 2001, pp. 287-295 Brendan Williams, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Fiscal Incentives And Urban Regeneration In Dublin 1986-2 005, Journal of Property Investment Finance, Vol. 24 No. 6, 2006, pp. 542-558. Graham Hankison, Journal of Service Marketing, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Destination Brand Images: A Business Tourism Perpective, 19/1 (2005) 24-32. Lydia Thiagarajah, Jeyapalan Kasipillai, Malaysian Law Journal Articles [2012] 4 MLJ ixx, Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Tax Holiday Incentive: A Bouquet Or A Brickbat?, 2012. Saujana Hotel Sdn Bhd v Ketua Pengarah Hasil Dalam Negeri [2011] 9 MLJ 213 www.kpmg.com.my/kpmg/publications/tax/tm/chapter5.pdf www.matrade.gov.my, Hotel and Tour Operators. www.mida.gov.my, Incentive For Tourism Industry. www.motac.gov.my, Tourism Infrastructure Funds. www.pemandu.gov.my, ETP Annual Report 2012, page 127. www.tourism.gov.my, Media Release, 27 February 2014. [1] www.kpmg.com.my/kpmg/publications/tax/tm/chapter5.pdf [2] Lydia Thiagarajah, Jeyapalan Kasipillai, Malaysian Law Journal Articles [2012] 4 MLJ ixx, Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Tax Holiday Incentive: A bouquet or a brickbat?, 2012. [3] Supra, page 48. [4] Incentive For Tourism Industry (www.mida.gov.my) [5] Hotel and tour operators (www.matrade.gov.my) [6] Tourism Infrastructure Funds (www.motac.gov.my) [7] Anne-Mette Hjalager , MCB University Press, Quality In Tourism Through The Empowerment Of Tourists, Managing Service Quality, Volume 11, Number 4, 2001, pp. 287-295 [8] Media Release, 27 February 2014 (www.tourism.gov.my) [9] Brendan Williams, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Fiscal Incentives And Urban Regeneration In Dublin 1986-2005, Journal of Property Investment Finance, Vol. 24 No. 6, 2006, pp. 542-558. [10] ETP Annual Report 2012, page 127 (www.pemandu.gov.my) [11] [2011] 9 MLJ 213 [12] Lydia Thiagarajah, Jeyapalan Kasipillai, Ma laysian Law Journal Articles, [2012] 4 MLJ ixx, Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Tax Holiday Incentive: A Bouquet Or A Brickbat?, 2012. [13] Graham Hankison, Journal of Service Marketing, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Destination Brand Images: A Business Tourism Perpective, 19/1 (2005) 24-32.

Essay Ethical Issues and British Petroleum - 2297 Words

TOPIC: THE CURRENT CHALLENGES FACING (BP) IS UNPARALLELED.THAT IS AN ETHICAL CRISIS IS UNCHALLENGING.BUT IS IT REALLY A CASE OF THE OIL INDUSTRY? BEING AT FAULT? IS IT REALLY A REGULATORY ISSUE? BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF BRITISH PETROLEUM†¦show more content†¦Each of these possible impacts on wildlife translates into human consequences. It a real predicament for BP and for the US and for the people involved, but it’s a big lesson for BP and other oil companies, if there are safety measure that need to be put in place but are not, then they have to answer for it. The challenge for them was that they weren’t necessarily open, transparent, and accessible. They set up a series of expectations in terms of what they were going to do to resolve the issue, and time after time after time they have not worked out. There have been times where they have layered up too much. There clearly have been times when they have not wanted to put out information or address information because they are concerned about what their liability might be going forward. This bring about problematic in terms of messaging. Bp is partly responsible for this disaster, what this means is that are they legally responsible to stop the leak and financially responsible for damage created and will be hold accountable for it. 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The company’s primary goal is to deliver value to its customers by utilizing its distinctive capabilities, managing the quality of its portfolio, and setting clear goals. However, an unprecedented explosion of BP

Immigration Admission Of Japan And Singapore - 2813 Words

Poli 328 Paper HUI TING LI 44785146 Apr.09.2015 Immigration admission of Japan and Singapore Concerning Singapore and Japan, both countries are developed. But their immigration admissions are different, which may result in different perceptions and impacts. According to a report from The Economist Intelligence Unit, regarding of democracy countries ranking list in 2012, Japan had a high score 8.08, in the 20th position of 167 countries. Singapore ranked at number 75. (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2013) In 2013,The International Monetary Fund estimated Singapore’s GDP was $78,762 per capita, and Japan had $36,208 per capita.(World Economic Outlook Database, 2014, ) Both countries obtain high democracy and economy level, but their net migration rates are totally different. The World Factbook found out that Singapore permits around 14.55 migrants per 1000 population but Japan was closely to 0.00. (World Factbook, 2012) In the past decades, Singapore encouraged foreigners to immigrate that affected nearly 5.5 million people mov e into Singapore. In 2009, an estimated 40% of foreigner residents are in Singapore who contributed up to 80% of the construction industry and 50% of the service industry. The immigrants play a significant role for Singapore development especially the rapid growth of the GDP. (World Factbook, 2012) There is a statistic project that predicts the population of Japan will drop to 95 million by 2025. (Statistics Bureau, 2014) In 2002, there wasShow MoreRelatedWhat Is The Best MBA In Hong Kong1246 Words   |  5 PagesSpecial Administrative Region (SAR) is a much more open society, encouraging a healthy mix of various cultures. Most of the population is Chinese, followed by smaller groups of ethnicities originating in the Philippines, Indonesia, Europe, India, Japan, and so on. So English is pretty common and also structured well into the education system. This ethnic mixing also ensures a world class multi-cuisine at every street corner – an essential for any student wanting to satisfy the sudden pangs of homesickRead MoreQuota Based Immigration Essay4339 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿Patricia Tanona International Economics Final Term Paper The United States’ quota based immigration system weakens the country’s ability to sustain its position in the increasingly competitive global economy. Although the United States has a substantial flexible labor market, huge international corporations and some of the best universities in the world, it faces great competition in the global labor market. With the increasing economic opportunities available in industrialized countriesRead MoreVisa Policies And The Visa Policy2309 Words   |  10 Pages(MHA) , Government of Republic of India. Visa regime is enforced abroad by Republic of Indian missions posts and in India by Foreigners Regional Registration Offices (FRROs), home departments amp; district directors within the states besides immigration posts. PV-II Section of CPV Division provides the interface with MHA in formulation and implementation of visa policy and is additionally entrusted with advising Indian Missions/Posts on visa matters. PV- II conjointly formulates policy on grantRead MoreThe Syrian Refugee Crisis For Syrian Refugees2434 Words   |  10 Pagesadmitting more Syrian refugees does not increase terrorism. We need to come to an immediate agreement as human lives are in danger. Provided that the United States aids in welcoming Syrian refugees, perhaps other major superpowers, such as Japan, Russia, and Singapore will follow suit and offer help. Until a solution to the Syrian conflict is found, we as human beings are responsible for helping each other during a time of such turmoil. 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Application Timeline  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·1 2 Offered Programs  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·1 3. 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Censorship Free Essays

Many kids, especially teens, have been subjected to a lot of mature us object matter already, either from social media, the internet, or even at school. People belie eve that books with sexual content should be taken away from young adults, who are deemed incapable f understanding how the author is using it within the novel itself. The book Snow Falling on Cedars by David Gutter’s is a book that is banned for its profanity and sexual content (Banned Books Awareness). We will write a custom essay sample on Censorship or any similar topic only for you Order Now It starts off introduce inning two child hood friends, Carl and Kabul, when they were younger, Kabob’s dad made a deal w tit Carol’s dad to buy the seven acres of land his family had worked on for years. When the dead I was almost made, and the payments were almost in, Kabob’s family was taken to a Japanese only y camp when he was 18. After many years when Kabul and his wife moved back to San Pedro opining to buy back the land, Carol’s mom (who is the only person alive who knows of the deal her husband and Kabob’s dad had), said that she already sold the land to an old farmer named Ole Jorgensen. When Kabul visited Ole to make the final payments for the land, Ole refused to sell it; however, 10 years later, Ole suffered from a stroke rendering him unable to work and f arcing him to sell his acres. Kabul hearing this in the afternoon went to visit Ole to make a deal, but when he got there Ole said that he already had payments from Carl Jar. For all his acres. Kabob u angered by his, stops by Carol’s house to ask about purchasing the seven acres from him. After they talked for a while, Kabul went home satisfied as Carl wavered on selling him the 7 a cress. No agreement was actually made, until the day before the murder when Carl and Kabul met at sea and agreed to sell him the land. Kabul went home early that morning to tell h is wife the good news, only to be met by police a few hours later and thrown in jail for the AC used murder of Carl Hines. As the trial for the accused man went on, Islanders that knew Carl and Kabul since they were kids, recount the memories they had of their lifetime together. As some of these memories have to do with the conflict between Carl and Kabul others had to do with the e sexual experiences of them and another character. For example, a boy who grew up with Carl and Kabul, named Shame, recounts how through the years he notices how Hats u (Kabob’s wife) was beginning to change. â€Å"She was fourteen and her breasts were beginning t o show beneath her bathing suit. They were small and hard, like apples† (Gutter’s, pig. 98). Even the Cough this seems explicit for some people, it shows that not only her body is changing but also her mind, and her â€Å"love† for Shame is slowly disappearing. This impacts Shame because he area Lily loved her, and when he is faced with a difficult decision at the end to decide whether Kabul I s found guilty, so he can rekindle the â€Å"flame† he had with Hates or for Kabul to be released to his family; Shame ponders whether to take love over another man’s freedom. Another reason a book is Often censored is because Of the level Of violence it contains. Violence is everywhere, whether it’s as pointless as someone pinching another r or as serious as someone shooting another person. Violence is shown on W; ices used at SOHO 01, and read about in newspapers The news doesn’t censor violence because they don’t want people to see it; instead they expose it to show the facts and the dangers of the world, and that’s ha t most authors are doing as well. In , Kabul describes his memories of the war. He says, â€Å"Underneath the steady drone of the bees, it had turned out to be a very young boy he had shot directly through the groin†¦ Hen the boy panicked and moved his hand toward his gun, and Kabul shot him one more time in the heart at pointblank range†¦ Yet still the boy refused to die†¦ Begging, pleading, that he wanted the American who had killed him to save him. .. ND when the boy stopped talking his chest twitched a half dozen times and blood ran from his mouth down his cheek. (Gutters 1 5354 ) This part in the book may be offensive to some because it makes it seem as t Hough the Japanese were stone cold killers, but it’s not just them. Any man or woman, told to kill t he enemy will do it, under the right circumstances Gutter’s is showing that soldiers had to throw away all their emotions and just focus on defeating their enemies. By censoring parts like the sees, you’re censoring the emotional connection the author is trying to achieve between h is readers and the books characters. Another reason why a book can be banned is because it talks about controvert sisal issues, and one of the most controversial issues is that of racism . As been challenged because of the racism that it is accused of containing . The book was written in 1954 when Pearl Harbor had occurred and the Vietnam War was just beginning. At that time, Americans and the Japanese were not on good terms, and the Japanese were considered â€Å"sly and treacherous, can’t trust a Jape, can your (Gutters 391 ). Also, in the book all t he Japanese living in San Pedro were forced to leave their homes and go to a camp built f r keeping a close eye on them (to make sure they weren’t spies). They were treated really poorly y in the camps; given Emerson houses with no beds or blankets. To get by, they had to help e ACH other out: some made blankets and clothes for people who needed them, and some me n Went around fixing the holes In all the houses so drafts wouldn’t come in. Finally when they got to return home, some didn’t even have a home to return to and had to work on other people’ s farms for shelter and money. This part would be censored because it shows how the U. S treat d people based on heir ethnicity relating to their enemies of that time (the Japanese). It’s also is malaria the Holocaust and Hitler, except the camps were made to hold the Japanese, not t 0 kill anyone. Censorship remains a prevalent issue in media and literature alike. If something Eng is deemed â€Å"inappropriate,† it can be banned, if no one fights against it. It’s imp rattan to remember, that artists and authors alike don’t write without a purpose, without meaning. The author puts this idea perfectly into perspective. He says, â€Å"I write because something inner and unconscious forces me to. How to cite Censorship, Papers Censorship Free Essays It is commonly asserted that cencorship is necessary for some reasons such as protection of children or govermental secrets, it is definitely against the human rights and freedom of press. Newspapers and news are the only way which let people know the situation in the country or even outside of the country. Ann Cooper who is the Executive Director of CPJ claimed that in the countries which practise censorship, people are separated from other people and everthing because of the dictatorial behaviors of the goverment, and they are fearful (2 May 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Censorship or any similar topic only for you Order Now It shows that censorship kils the freedom in the country and it has bad effects on people, and maket hem feel insecure even their home country. Another bad effects of the censorship is the possibility of the fake news. If the media does not let people knoow the things happening , because of the censorship, that can cause many fake news from unreliable sources. To sum up, to protect the freedom in a country , censorship definitly should not a practise , because of any reason. It is commonly asserted that cencorship is necessary for some reasons such as protection of children or govermental secrets, it is definitely against the human rights and freedom of pres A- Freedom of communication B- Fake news Paraphrases: â€Å"People in these countries are virtually isolated from the rest of the world by authoritarian rulers who muzzle the media and keep a chokehold on information through restrictive laws, fear, and intimidation † said CPJ executive director Ann Cooper. How to cite Censorship, Papers

Business Environment Of HSBC Bank Australia †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Environment Of HSBC Bank Australia. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the paper is to study the changes in the business environment ushered by globalisation andmanagement of talent in the light of the challenges posed by these changes. The study is conducted taking HSBC Bank Australia as the base. The assignment has been divided into three sections namely, globalisation, technology and demography. The globalisation section delves into the ways to motivate employees keeping globalisation in the backdrop. The second section deals with the challenges posed by globalisation towards MNCS in terms of technology. The third section studies the needs for multinational companies to be culturally intelligent to be able to deal with employees and customers from diverse cultures. Globalisation: The multinational organisations face the challenge of motivating and maintain employees due to globalisation. Globalisation has allowed the business organisations to expand into new economies. For example, HSBC Bank is based in London, the United Kingdom. The international bank has expanded into many countries including Australia. This foreign expansion of multinational companies has allowed them to get access to new consumer base and employee bases. Australia is a developed market, which provides the multinational bank with skilled employees who contribute towards the high market performance of the bank (Yamao and Sekiguchi 2015). The multinational organisations like HSBC bank motivate and maintain their employees in the following ways: Communicate better: The multinational companies should establish a strong channel of communication with their employees. The departmental heads should communicate the targets of each employee clearly. They should allow their subordinates employees to take part in decision-making process, which would make them feel responsible towards their duties. The subordinates should be encouraged to express their fears, pressures and insecurities with higher officials. The multinational companies like HSBC Bank operate in several markets in the world like Australia. They have to compete with several other strong competitors to attain and retain their competitive position in the market. This requires them to motivate their employees to achieve high degree of efficiency(Raab, Ambos and Tallman 2014). Transparent communication motivates employees to function more efficiently towards strengthening the market position of the multinational companies. HSBC Australia serves a large number of business and domestic customers . This requires the employees of the bank to be motivated to provide service to these customer base with diverse needs. Thus, it can be inferred that transparent communication among junior and senior employee help the bank to motivate its employees to serve the customers efficiently(Lupton and Beamish 2014). Empowerment of employees: Globalisation has led to the multinational organisations to empower their employees to take business decisions to take advantage of market opportunities. It has led to the expansion of multinational companies into new host market, which has brought these companies under influence of macro-environmental influences like political, economical and technological factors. The companies today are required to make their decision making process more streamlined to enable them to take advantage of the market opportunities in the host countries as well. Multinational banks like HSBC Bank Australia put emphasis on empowerment of employees to enable them to take prompt business decisions. Empowerment of employees motivates them to get more involved in the operations of the company and serve customers better(Skudiene et al. 2013). Technology: Advancement of new technology has made the multinational companies improve the technical knowledge of their employees, hire staff that are more technical and update their technology on regular basis. The key technology factors driving talentmanagement are as follows: Encourage them to improve technology: Advancement in technology has encouraged employees to adopt new gadgets and technology in their professional and personal lives. Globalisation has brought about advancement in new technology which the encourages the multinational companies to make their production facilities more advanced. The multinational companies should encourage their workers to gain knowledge in modern technology and use the same while operating and serving customers. For example, the banking industry is experiencing a very high rate of technical advancement, which has impacted the banking product line as well(Baptista and Oliveira 2015). The banks today offer products like mobile banking, net banking and online fund transfer facilities, which allow customers to bank as per their conveniences. HSBC Bank Australia should encourage its employees to educate themselves in these new technological advancements so that they can encourage the customers to use them and increase the revenue generation of the bank(Hsbc.co m.au. 2017). Hire more talent worker in the area: The multinational companies should hire more talent workers to bring about more technological and innovative improvements in their operations. Globalisation has made the organisations adopt modern technology to upgrade their operations. The multinational companies are present in geographically dispersed locations even within a single host country. They managers posted in these various locations require communicating with each other to take crucial business decisions. For example, the managers of the various branches of HSBC Bank Australia require to hold meetings while making business strategies concerning the Australian market and integrate those plans with their international startegies(Wanyama 2016). This requires the multinational companies to be very strong technically and acquire advanced communication infrastructure like cloud computing and teleconferencing. This requires the multinational companies like HSBC Bank Australia to hire workforce, which have deep knowledge about te chnology. The multinational banks like HSBC require conducting continuous research and development to improve their digital products and add new features to them. This necessity to continuously improve technologically has necessitated the multinational banks to employ more talent to work in the areas of technology and innovation(Kinyua, Muathe and Kilika 2015). Companies should be up-to-date: Technology has emerged as a new form of capital and the companies need to update their technological infrastructure to maintain their competitive position in the local and international market. The multinational banks like HSBC Bank Australia today cater a huge consumer base both domestic and business customers. These companies require holding a large number of data about customers to be able to serve them appropriately. This requirement to hold vast customer data requires them to upgrade their knowledge management system. The multinational companies today need to acquire, share and use a vast body of data with their business partners likemanagement and employees to execute business strategies(Lilly and Juma 2014). The multinational banks like HSBC Australia has to handle a great deal of data which is financial in nature and have to secure them against data threats. These threats to the crucial business data require the banks to install security infrastructure. The banks today collab orate with other companies like debit card making companies and insurance companies to provide their customers with new age banking products like debit cards and insurance products. All these requirements demand the banks to upgrade their technological systems and allocate funds towards these advancements on continuous basis. Thus, it can be inferred from the discussion that globalisation challenge these banks to keep their systems up-to-date on regular basis(Ngugi and Karina 2013). Demographic: The multinational companies today require to employ talent from their host countries and serve a customers from diverse cultural background which require them to acquire cultural intelligence. Difference in cultural perception between the managers and their subordinates create communication gap which impedes departmental performances which ultimately impacts the performances of the entire organisations as a whole. Thus difference in culture is a challenge which the multinational organisations have to manage as a result of their expansion into countries with diverse cultures(Daft 2014). The multinational banks like HSBC Australia employ people in their host countries like Australia. The cultural perceptions of the Australians are very different from the cultural perception of the apex management in Britain. This requires the departmental heads to have information about the cultural perception of the Australian people to be able to employ them and retain them. Understanding of multiple cultures helps the managers to create strong communication channels with their subordinates. The subordinates on the other hand feel motivation to work under managers who understand their cultures. Moreover, these multinational banks serve the people of Australia with their products. Their knowledge about the cultures of the people of Australia helps them to offer appropriate banking products. This helps the banks to offer products that are more appropriate and handle the customers complaints more effectively. This enables customer satisfaction and the customers keep on banking with HSBBC Australia on regular basis. This yields high revenue from continuous transactions with customers. This also helps the multinational bank to acquire and retain competitive advantage in the Australian market. This discussion shows that the multinational banks like HSBC Bank, Australia require to have cultural intelligence to be able to exploit the talent of Australia. It is requires to be able to un derstand the needs of the customers in Australia and offer them with appropriate banking solutions(Du Toit 2013). Conclusion: The above study shows that globalisation and changes in the modern business world have placed the multinational companies before diverse challenges. The first challenge, which the multinational companies have deal with, is to motivate their employees to over achieve their targets. The second challenge, which these companies have to deal with, is the need to strengthen them technologically and keep on allocating huge funds towards technological advancements. The third challenge, which these companies have to face, is the requirement to be culturally intelligence and have knowledge about diverse cultures. References: Baptista, G. and Oliveira, T., 2015. Understanding mobile banking: The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology combined with cultural moderators.Computers in Human Behavior,50, pp.418-430. Daft, R.L., 2014.The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Du Toit, A.S.A., 2013. Comparative study of competitive intelligence practices between two retail banks in Brazil and South Africa.Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business,3(2). Hsbc.com.au. (2017).HSBC Bank Australia - Personal Banking | HSBC Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.hsbc.com.au/1/2/ [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017]. Kinyua, G.M., Muathe, S.M.A. and Kilika, J.M., 2015. Effect of knowledge conversion and knowledge application on performance of commercial banks in Kenya.International Journal of Education and Research,3(10), pp.431-445. Lilly, L. and Juma, D., 2014. Influence of Strategic Innovation on Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya: The Case of Kenya Commercial Bank in Nairobi County.European Journal of Business Management,2(1), pp.336-341. Lupton, N. and Beamish, P., 2014. Organizational structure and knowledge-practice diffusion in the MNC.Journal of Knowledge Management,18(4), pp.710-727. Ngugi, K. and Karina, B., 2013. Effect of innovation strategy on performance of commercial banks in Kenya.International Journal of Social Sciences and Entrepreneurship,1(3), pp.158-170. Raab, K.J., Ambos, B. and Tallman, S., 2014. Strong or invisible hands?Managerial involvement in the knowledge sharing process of globally dispersed knowledge groups.Journal of World Business,49(1), pp.32-41. Skudiene, V., Everhart, D.D., Slepikaite, K. and Reardon, J., 2013. Front-Line Employees' Recognition And Empowerment Effect On Retail Bank Customers' Perceived Value.Journal of Service Science (Online),6(1), p.105. Wanyama, F.O., 2016. Surviving liberalization: the cooperative movement in Kenya. Yamao, S. and Sekiguchi, T., 2015. Employee commitment to corporate globalization: The role of English language proficiency and human resource practices.Journal of World Business,50(1), pp.168-179.